闫丽萍：新加坡仲裁体系介绍

随着中国企业更多地“走出去”，国际仲裁在解决商事争议中扮演的角色也日益重要。近年来，新加坡已成为亚洲最受信赖和青睐的仲裁地，并且与伦敦并列，成为全球最受欢迎的仲裁地[1]。除了政治稳定因素外，新加坡还享有优良的法治环境和地方法院的支持，各地方法院都十分尊重并尽量避免干预仲裁程序。

With the improvement of the internationalization level of Chinese enterprises, international arbitration plays an increasingly important role in resolving commercial disputes. In recent years, Singapore has become the most respectful and favored seat of arbitration in Asia and is tied with London as the most popular seat of arbitration in the world. In addition to a stable political environment, Singapore also enjoys an excellent legal environment and the support of local courts, which respect and try not to interfere with the arbitration proceedings.

一、新加坡仲裁的优势

Advantages of Arbitration in Singapore

作为一座充满活力的国际化大城市，新加坡拥有独特的国际仲裁优势。

1. 2016年，新加坡被评为腐败指数最低的亚洲城市，在全球腐败指数最低城市中名列第七。

2. 新加坡国际仲裁中心对于客户的信息保密非常严格。

3. 作为《纽约公约》的成员国，新加坡的仲裁裁决可以在全球159个国家强制执行。

4. 新加坡仲裁及司法人员的专业素质在国际社会中久负盛名，新加坡法院以及其他争议解决机构给予仲裁全方位的大力支持。

5. 新加坡有着先进的立法，新加坡法院体系对于仲裁是非常友好的，而且新加坡有支持仲裁的司法理念，所以新加坡法院系统给仲裁提供最大的支持，最小的干预。

6. 当事人及其代理人在仲裁过程中获得充分的自由选择权和意见发表权，其仲裁规则也是在日新月异的社会发展中不断变革改良，以适应国际仲裁市场的需要。

As a dynamic international city, Singapore has its unique advantages in international arbitration.

1. In 2016, Singapore was rated as the Asian city with the lowest corruption index, and ranked seventh among the cities with the lowest corruption index in the world.

2. The Singapore International Arbitration Centre is very strict with the confidentiality of client information.

3. As a member of the New York Convention, Singapore's arbitration awards can be enforced in 159 countries around the world.

4. The professional quality of Singapore's arbitration and judicial personnel has a long-standing reputation in the international community, and Singapore courts and other dispute resolution institutions have given all-round strong support to arbitration.

5. Singapore has an advanced legislation and the whole Singapore court system is very friendly to arbitration. Singapore has a judicial philosophy that supports arbitration, so the Singapore court system provides maximum support to arbitration with minimal intervention.

6. The parties and their agents have full freedom of choice and the right to express their opinions in the process of arbitration, and their arbitration rules are constantly reformed and improved in the ever-changing social development to meet the needs of the international arbitration market.

二、新加坡主要仲裁机构简介

Introduction to the Main Arbitration Institutions in Singapore

1. 国际商会

(The International Chamber of Commerce，以下简称“ICC”)

ICC是世界上最古老的，也是最受欢迎的国际仲裁机构[2]， 这也使新加坡成为其亚洲区域枢纽：在ICC仲裁案件数量方面, 新加坡在亚洲排名第一，世界排名第五。每年在新加坡有30-50例ICC案件（ICC每年有超过800例案件），而中国是当事方数量最多的国家之一[3]。

The ICC is the oldest and the most popular international arbitration institution in the world, which also makes Singapore its regional hub in Asia: Singapore ranks first in Asia and fifth in the world in terms of the number of ICC arbitration cases. There are 30-50 ICC cases in Singapore each year (ICC has more than 800 cases per year), and China is one of the countries with the largest number of parties.

2. 新加坡国际仲裁中心

(The Singapore International Arbitration Centre，以下简称“SIAC”)

SIAC是一家拥有25年历史的仲裁机构，已成为亚洲领先的国际仲裁中心，吸引了许多与亚洲有关的案件，其中大部分来自中国和印度[4]。此外，SIAC现在是全球第三大首选仲裁中心（仅次于ICC和LCIA）[5]。SIAC的案件量持续逐年增加，在过去十年中翻倍。在册的仲裁员的水准与ICC处于同一水平。

SIAC is a 25-year-old arbitration institution that has become Asia's leading international arbitration center, attracting many Asia-related cases, mostly from China and India. In addition, SIAC is now the third most preferred arbitration centre in the world (after the ICC and LCIA). SIAC's caseload continues to increase year over year, doubling over the past decade. The standards of registered arbitrators are at the same level as the ICC.

3. 新加坡海事仲裁院

（Singapore Chamber of Maritime Arbitration）

SMAC处理海事海商纠纷。

SMAC deals with maritime disputes.

三、仲裁机构比较

Comparison of Arbitration Institutions

根据香港国际仲裁中心研究报告（The HKIAC Study）、伦敦国际仲裁中心研究报告（The LCIA Study）、斯德哥尔摩商会仲裁院研究报告（The SCC Study）、新加坡国际仲裁中心（The SIAC Study）显示：

According to the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (The HKIAC Study), the London International Arbitration Centre (The LCIA Study), the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (The SCC Study), and the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (The SIAC Study):

对于独任仲裁员和三名仲裁员案件，SIAC仍然是最具成本竞争力的选择，尤其是三人仲裁员案件。

SIAC remains the most cost-competitive option for sole-arbitrator and three-arbitrator case, especially for three-arbitrator cases.

根据这些数据，SIAC仲裁与其他仲裁机构相比效率最高。

According to these data, SIAC arbitration is the most efficient compared to other arbitration institutions.

四、新加坡仲裁立法简介

Introduction to Singapore Arbitration Legislation

新加坡仲裁立法采用了“双轨制”，即对国内、国际仲裁作出区分，主要依据的法律分别为《仲裁法》（Arbitration Act，以下简称为“AA”）和《国际仲裁法》（International Arbitration Act，以下简称为“IAA”）。AA适用于新加坡的国内仲裁，IAA则适用于国际仲裁。

Singapore's arbitration legislation adopts a "dual-track system", that is, to distinguish between domestic and international arbitration, and the main laws are the Arbitration Act (hereinafter referred to as "AA") and the International Arbitration Act (International Arbitration Act, hereinafter referred to as "IAA"). AA applies to domestic arbitration in Singapore, while IAA applies to international arbitration.

而对于“国际”的定义，IAA第五条第二款明确了下列情形之一的仲裁为国际仲裁：

1. 在签订仲裁协议时，至少一方当事人的营业地在新加坡以外的国家；

2. （1）仲裁地位于当事人营业地所在国之外的国家；或者（2）商事关系中主要义务的履行地或争议事项的最密切联系地位于当事人营业地所在国之外的国家；

3. 当事人明确约定仲裁协议事项与超过一个国家有关。[6]

Regarding the definition of "international", Article 5, paragraph 2 of the IAA clarifies that an arbitration under one of the following circumstances is an international arbitration:

1. At the time of entering into the arbitration agreement, at least one of the parties has its place of business in a country other than Singapore.

2. (1) the place of arbitration is located in a country other than the country where the parties have their place of business; or (2) the place of performance of the main obligations in the commercial relationship or the place of closest connection to the matter in dispute is located in a country other than the country where the parties have their place of business.

3. The parties expressly agree that the matters of the arbitration agreement are related to more than one country.

尽管某个仲裁并不符合IAA下对“国际仲裁”的定义，但当事人仍可通过书面约定选择适用IAA（根据IAA第五条第一款）。换而言之，对于以新加坡为仲裁地的仲裁，只有当其既不属于IAA所定义的国际仲裁，当事人又未约定适用IAA时，才会适用AA下的相关规定。相反地，如果某个仲裁为IAA下的国际仲裁，当事人无法通过约定选择适用AA。

Although an arbitration does not meet the definition of "international arbitration" under the IAA, the parties may elect to apply the IAA by written agreement (as per Article 5(1) of the IAA). In other words, for an arbitration with Singapore as the seat of arbitration, the relevant provisions under the AA will only apply if it is neither an international arbitration as defined by the IAA nor the parties have agreed to apply the IAA. Conversely, if an arbitration is an international arbitration under the IAA, the parties cannot choose to apply the AA by agreement.

五、新加坡仲裁程序要点提示[7]

Tips for Arbitration Proceedings in Singapore

1. 任命仲裁员

Appointment of Arbitrators

当事人可以任命未在ICC和SIAC小组或列表中的仲裁员。

两家机构均要求仲裁员声明独立性，并根据IBA国际仲裁中的利益冲突准则披露任何可能的冲突。当事人可以对任何仲裁员提出异议，ICC和SIAC的仲裁法院应就该异议作出裁决。

Parties can appoint arbitrators not listed on the ICC and SIAC panels or lists.

Both institutions require from the arbitrators a declaration of independence and to disclose any possible conflict by reference to IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration. The parties can challenge any arbitrator and the courts of arbitration of ICC and SIAC shall decide on the challenge.

2. 程序的安排和组织

Schedule and Organization of the Proceeding

仲裁庭可以其认为适当的方式自由进行仲裁，并可以确定程序的时间表和步骤。ICC和SIAC都要求仲裁庭与当事方进行初步会议（ICC的“案件管理会议”），以讨论最适当的程序。

The arbitral tribunal is free to conduct the arbitration in such manner as it considers appropriate and to determine the schedule and the steps of the proceeding. Both ICC and SIAC require the tribunal to have a preliminary meeting with the parties (a “Case Management Conference“ for ICC) to discuss the most appropriate procedure.

此外，根据ICC的规则，仲裁庭应在收到文件签发之日起30天内，让当事各方签署“审理范围书”（TOR）：TOR确定争议的内容和范围、适用的程序规则和案件时间表。更为普遍的情况是，ICC规则在最终裁决截止日期方面更加严格：根据ICC规则，法庭必须在TOR签署后的六个月内做出最终裁决。经ICC法院批准后，仲裁庭仍然可以将时间表延长至该期限以外。

Furthermore, according to the ICC rules, the tribunal shall within 30 days of the date of receipt of the file issue and make the parties sign the “Terms of Reference” (TOR): the TOR determine the content and extent of the dispute, the applicable procedural rules and the schedule of the case. More generally, the ICC rules are stricter on the deadlines: according to Article 31 of the ICC rules, the tribunal must render its final award within six months of the signature of the TOR. The tribunal still keeps the possibility to extend the schedule beyond that time limit upon approval by the ICC Court.

3. 程序工具

Procedure Tools

ICC和SIAC规则都为当事方提供了一系列现代程序工具：

• 合并两个或多个仲裁案件;
• 连接一个或多个其他当事方。

如果明显无根据或在法庭管辖范围之外，则可请求早期驳回仲裁申请或答辩：SIAC在其规则中明确规定了早期驳回，而ICC规则中虽然没有明确说明，也可根据第二十二条，要求法庭以高性价比的的方式进行早期驳回程序；临时救济和紧急临时救济;如果当事方需要紧急临时保护, 不能等待组成法庭，则任命一名紧急仲裁员。

Both ICC and SIAC rules offer parties a range of modern procedural tools:

• Consolidation of two or more arbitration cases;
• Joinder of one or more additional party(ies).

Early dismissal of claims or defenses if manifestly without merit or outside the jurisdiction of the tribunal: SIAC provide expressly for early dismissal in its rules (Clause 29) whereas ICC clarified that early dismissal, even if not expressly provided, can be used under Article 22 of the ICC rules requesting tribunals to conduct the procedure in an expeditious and cost-effective manner,

• Interim and emergency relief;
• Appointment of an emergency arbitrator in case a party needs urgent interim or conservatory measures that cannot wait for the constitution of the tribunal.

4. 加速处理程序

Expedited Procedure

对于小型案件，ICC和SIAC都提供了成本更低的加速程序：如果ICC的争议金额不超过300万美元，或者SIAC的争议额不超过600万新币，适用加速处理程序。加速处理程序程序中的案件应交由独任仲裁员处理。仲裁庭应在较短的时限内作出裁决：自ICC管理会议之日起六个月内，自SIAC法庭组成之日起六个月内。

For small cases, both the ICC and SIAC offer a lower-cost expedited procedure: if the ICC dispute does not exceed US$3 million, or the SIAC dispute does not exceed S$6 million, the expedited procedure applies. Cases in expedited proceedings shall be referred to a sole arbitrator. The arbitral tribunal shall issue its award within shorter time frames: within six months from the date of the ICC governing meeting, and within six months from the date on which the SIAC tribunal is constituted.

5. 裁决书的审查

Scrutiny of the Award

ICC和SIAC规则的一个显着特征是，仲裁庭发布的所有裁决草案均由ICC和SIAC各自的仲裁法院进行审查。这意味着裁决草案将由法院成员审查，这是对严肃和可执行的裁决的进一步保证。

One remarkable characteristic of both ICC and SIAC rules is that all draft awards issued by the arbitral tribunal will be reviewed by the respective arbitration courts of the ICC and SIAC, which means that the draft award is reviewed by members of the court, which is a further guarantee for serious and enforceable awards.

6. 仲裁费用

Costs of Arbitration

ICC和SIAC的仲裁费用大致相同。费用包括行政费用（支付给机构）和仲裁员费用，这些费用是根据针对争议金额确定的时间表计算得出的。

Costs of arbitration are roughly the same for both ICC and SIAC. Costs include the administrative expenses (paid to the institution) and the arbitrator’s fees that are calculated according to a schedule determined on the basis of the amount in dispute.

以三位仲裁员的法庭进行的3,000万美元的争议为例，费用分别为：

ICC：7.7万美元的管理费用以及平均43万美元的仲裁员费用;

SIAC[8]：约4.9万美元的管理费，最多约55万美元的仲裁员费。

考虑到仲裁员所花费的时间和案件的复杂性，仲裁员的费用会有所不同。

ICC还会考量仲裁员的工作态度和效率，以及仲裁庭是否遵守作出裁决的时限，并可以相应地减少或增加仲裁员的费用。

In the case of a $30 million dispute by a three-arbitrator court, the fees were:

• ICC:$77,000 in administrative fees and an average of $430,000 in arbitrator's fees;
• SIAC:approximately $49,000 for administration fees, up to approximately $550,000 for arbitrator’s fees.

The arbitrator's fees will vary, taking into account the time spent by the arbitrators and the complexity of the cases.

The ICC will also take into account the work attitude and efficiency of the arbitrators, and whether the arbitral tribunal adheres to the time limits for making the award and may reduce or increase the arbitrator's fees accordingly.

需要提醒的是，选择新加坡仲裁无疑有其独特的优势，但是对当事人而言，通过仲裁程序能否保全对方财产、能否真正执行到对方财产是极其重要的。在涉外合同中，选择境外仲裁机构，外方难以将境外仲裁机构作出的财产保全指令拿到中国法院来申请执行。根据《纽约公约》及我国相关法律规定，我国法院有义务依法承认和执行境外仲裁机构作出的仲裁裁决，但是并不包括财产保全等临时强制性措施。

It should be reminded that choosing Singapore for arbitration undoubtedly has its unique advantages, but for the parties, it is extremely important for the parties to be able to preserve the other party's property through the arbitration procedure and to actually execute the other party's property. In foreign-related contracts, if an overseas arbitration institution is selected, it is difficult for the foreign party to take a property preservation order issued by the overseas arbitration institution to the Chinese court for enforcement. According to the New York Convention and relevant laws in China, Chinese courts are obliged to recognize and enforce arbitral awards made by overseas arbitral institutions in accordance with the law, but this does not include temporary compulsory measures such as property preservation.

如果选择中国仲裁机构，该仲裁机构作出的裁决则会视为国内裁决，可以直接申请法院执行，程序相对方便和快捷。如果是境外仲裁机构作出的仲裁裁决，则应当遵照承认和执行境外仲裁裁决程序处理，程序相对复杂和漫长一些。

If you choose a Chinese arbitration institution, the award made by the arbitration institution will be regarded as a domestic award, and you can directly apply to the court for enforcement. The procedure is relatively convenient and fast. If it is an arbitral award made by an overseas arbitration institution, it should be handled in accordance with the procedures for recognition and enforcement of overseas arbitral awards, which are relatively complicated and lengthy.

总之，新加坡仲裁将英美法系及大陆法系的特点相结合，制定了快速、高效和灵活的仲裁规则。仲裁成本相对较低，效率较高，赢得了包括中国当事人在内国际社会的认可。

In a word, Singapore arbitration combines the characteristics of the common law system and the civil law system to formulate fast, efficient and flexible arbitration rules. The arbitration cost is relatively low and the efficiency is high, which has been recognized by the international community including the Chinese parties.

注 释

[1]英国玛丽皇后大学调查（2021）.Queen Mary University Survey (2021)。

[2]英国玛丽皇后大学调查（2018）.Queen Mary University Survey (2018)。

[3]根据ICC统计数据.ICC Statistics所示，2018年有59名来自中国的当事方。

[4]根据新加坡国际仲裁中心.SIAC Statistics所示，2018年中国相关案件有73例。

[5]英国玛丽皇后大学调查（2018）.Queen Mary University Survey (2018)。

[6]袁培皓 张瀛天：《新加坡仲裁相关介绍》，http://www.junzejun.com/Publications/17044465af80ec-9.html。

[7]DS Avocats law firm, Olivier MONANGE：为什么选择新加坡仲裁? WHY TO CHOOSE ARBITRATION IN SINGAPORE? https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/IghlIz6LV9yqoNny0PdMVg。

[8]1美元=1.4119新加坡元。

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