人教版八下Unit6-Unit 10知识点归纳
本次课学习目标：1.形容词副词的比较级最高级 2.现在完成是态 3.相关短语句型
本次课教学重难点：1.形容词副词的比较级，最高级的运用。
2.现在完成时态的各种运用。
Unit 6 An old man tried to move the mountains
1、 重点短语
1. once upon a time 从前 2. continue to do sth. 继续做某事
3. make sth. happen 使某事发生 4.try to do sth. 试图做某事（区别try doing）
5. the journey to sp. ......之旅 6，laugh at 嘲笑
7. put on 穿上（动作）/wear穿（状态）/dress(n/v穿着，一般不接宾语)8. a little bit 有点儿 9. keep doing sth. 坚持做某事10. give up doing放弃 11.fall in love with爱上（be in love with）12.be brave to do sth. 勇敢烦人做某事 13. get married 结婚14. the main character 主要人物；主人公 15. at other times 在另外一些时候16. walk to the other side 走到另一边去 17. a fairy tale 一个神话18. the rest of the story 故事的其余部分 19. leave sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事20. make a plan to do sth. 筹划/做某事 21. lead sb. to sp. 把某人领到某地22. get lost 迷路 23. change one's plan 改变 24. in the moonlight 在月光下 25. find one' s way home 找到某人回家的路二、重点短语句型
1.work on 从事，致力于
work for…为…做事 work as….作为….工作 work out解决，算出
2.send(sent)派遣，打发；发送，寄
Sent sb to do sth.派某人做某事 send for派人去请； send sb. sth.=send sth. to sb. 寄给某人某物
3．remind提醒，使想起
remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起某事/人 remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人去做某事remind+that从句 提醒
His words reminded us ________the experience in the mountain last year.
A. at C. with C. to D. of
4.instead of 代替；而不是
Instead 一般位于句首或句尾，放在句首用逗号隔开
Instead of 一般位于句中，后可接名词，代词或动词的-ing形式
5，turn… into变成；翻译成
Turn on 打开 turn of关闭 turn up(声音)调大 turn down(声音)调小
in turn 轮流 turn left向左转 turn around 转身 by turns 交替
6.come out 出版，发表；出来；（花）开放
7. become interested in （doing） sth.…对(做)某事……感兴趣
8,can't stop doing sth 忍不住做某事
9.find out 表弄明白，搞清楚（主要侧重原因）
Find 强调找的结果 look for 寻找，强调找的动作
5. It take sb. some time to do sth ..做某事花费某人多长时间Because they were so big that it took a long time to walk to the other side. 6 . … not.. .. util十从句 直到…才…Don' t eat it until you get to the forest.
7..get married 结婚
【拓展】marry v嫁娶
(1)A marry B. "A 与B结婚" Bill married Mary on January 1, 1994.
(2) A and B get married = A and B are married A和B结婚
get married 结婚 Kate and Tom get married last year.
(1) marry A to B " 把A 嫁给B" She married her daughter to a rich man.
Catherine got married ____ a policeman twenty years ago.
A. with B. for C. to D. /
Grammar :引导状语从句的连词unless, as soon as, so..that
1. unless引导条件状语从句 unless = if „ not 除非，表示否定，若主句时一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时 They will go tomorrow unless it rains. = They will go tomorrow if it doesn't rains.
2. as soon as引导时间状语从句。 ―„„就 ，若主句是一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时表示将来
He will come and see you as soon as he can.
3. so.......that引导结果状语从句 ，意为如此…以至于..
句型1：主语+谓语+so+形容词/副词+that从句
The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.
句型2： so +形容词 + a/an + 单数名词 + that从句
It was so hot a day that they all went swimming.
句型3. so + many/ few + 复数名词 + that从句
He has so few friends that he often feels lonely.
句型4： so +much/ little + 不可数名词 + that 从句
I had so little money that I couldn't buy a pen.
Unit 7 W hat's the highest mountain in the world?一、重点短语1. as big as 与……一样大 2. one of the oldest countries 最古老的国家之一3. feel free to do sth随意地做某事 4. as far as I know 据我所知5. man-made objects 人造物体 6. part of... ...... 的组成部分9. any other mountain 其他任何一座山 10. of all the salt lakes 在所有的咸水湖中11. run along 跨越… … 12. freezing weather冰冻的天气
13. take in air 呼吸空气 14. the first people to do sth. 第一个做某事的人15. in the face of difficulties 面临危险 16. give up doing sth. 放弃做某事17. achieve one' s dream 实现某人的梦想 18. the forces of nature 自然界的力量19. reach the top 到达顶峰 20 up to一直到；多达；至多有21. at birth 出生时 22. be awake 醒着23. run over with excitement 兴奋地跑过去 24. walk into sb. 撞到某人25. fall over 摔倒 26. take care of 照顾;照料27. every two years •每两年 28. cut down the forests 砍伐林木(cut it down)29. endangered animals濒危动物 30. fewer and fewer pandas 大熊猫越来越少31. be in danger 处于危险之中 32. the importance of saving these animals 拯救这些动物的重要性二、重点短语句型 1. It is /was+adj. + (for sb. ) to do sth.做某事对某人来说怎么样It is also very hard to take in air as you get near the top. 2.even though 即使=（even if）引导让步状语从句
Although. " ，…（!不能加But）尽管..Although Japan is older than Canada，it is much smaller.
3.high 既可以做形容词，又可做副词，表离地面的距离，其反义词是low
Tall 只能做形容词，表人，树木等细长物的高，其反义词是short
4.protect …from/against..保护…免受..
5. succeed(v.) in doing sth. 成功做某事（fail to do sth）
success n.做不可数名词，意为成功；做可数名词，意为成功的人或事
successful adj. successfully adv.
6.force sb. to do sth./force sb into doing sth. 迫使某人做某事
7.times倍
表示"A比B长（宽，高，大，重等）N倍时，结构为A+be+基数词（N+1）+times+形容词比较级+than+B" The hall is five times bigger than our classroom
表A的长度（宽度，大小，重量等）时B的N倍，可用A+be+基数词（N）+times+as+形容词原级+as+B This tree is three times as tall as that one.
8.remaining为形容词，意为，剩余的，常做前置定语 the remaining books
Left是leave的过去分词形式，表"剩余的"时，做后置定语。 The money left.9. sb. spend/spent time/money doing sth.某人花费时间/金钱做某事
Adult pandas spend more than 12 hours a day eating about 10 kilos of bamboo.
形容词副词的原级、比较级和最高级
（一）原级句型：
1. A is as+原级+ as+ B 表示A 与B一样„ eg: He is as tall as me.
2.A is not as/so +原级+ as B表示A不如B„ eg:He is not as tall as me.
3.只能修饰原级的词，very，quite，so，too，so, enough, pretty等
例如，He is too tired to walk on.他太累了以至于不能再继续走了。
（二）比较级句型
可以修饰比较级的词，much，a lot，far，„的多a little，a bit，„一点儿 even甚至，still仍然
Eg. Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two.第一课比第二课容易的多。
Tom looks even younger than before.汤姆甚至比以前更年轻。
1.当句中有than 时则用比较级。 eg: He is fatter than me.
2．当句子中的比较对象为两者时用比较级："特殊疑问词+be+形容词比较级，A or B？"
eg: Which is bigger，the earth or the moon？哪一个大，地球还是月球？
3. "比较级+and+比较级"表示"越来越„„"。
eg.The flowers are more and more beautiful.花儿越来越漂亮。
加more构成比较级的形容词则用more and more +形容词表示越来越„
eg: English is more and more important.
4. "the+比较级，the+比较级"表示"越„„，越„„"。
Eg. The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you'll make.
5."A+be+the+形容词比较级+of the two+„„"表示"A是两者中较„„的"。
Eg.Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.
6.A+be+形容词比较级+than+any other+单数名词(+介词短语)" 表示"A比同一范围的任何一个人/物都„„"，含义是"A最„„"。
Eg. The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China. =The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.
（三）最高级常用句型结构
1．"主语+be+the+形容词最高级+单数名词+in/of短语"表示"„„是„„中最„„的"。
eg：Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students. This apple is the biggest of the five.
2．"主语+be+one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词+in/of短语"表示"„„是„„中最„„之一"。
Eg：Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.
3．"特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+A，B，or C？"用于三者以上
eg Which is the biggest? The moon,the sun or the earth?
4."the +序数词+最高级+单数名词+范围"。表示„是第几大（„）
eg: The Yellow River is the second longest river in China .
【注意】形容词最高级之前要加the，但当最高级之前有形容词性物主代词或名词所有格时则不用加the eg: He is the best student in my class. He is my best friend.
Unit 8 Have you read Treasure Island yet?一、重点短语1. the back of the book 书的背面 2. at the end of the day傍晚时候3. hurry up 赶快;匆忙 4. go out to sea 出海 5. an island full of treasures 一个满是宝藏的岛屿 6. write about 关于……的内容
7. finish doing sth. 做完某事 8. wait for another ship 等待另一艘船到来 9. grow fruits and vegetables 种水果和蔬菜 10. the marks of another man' s feet另一个人的脚印11. not long after that 不久之后 12. run towards sp. 跑向某地13. use... to do sth. 用……来做某事 14. signs left behind by someone 某人留下的标记
15.a good way to wake up 醒来的一个好办法 16. the number of people 人数(谓动单数) 17. be kind to each other善待彼此 18. trust one another 互相信任19. the beauty of nature 大自然的美 20. do some research on sth. 对……做研究 21. hope to do sth. 希望做某事 22. see sb. do sth.看到某人做某事 23. the first line in the song歌曲的第一行 24. enjoy success in享受…的成功
二、重点短语句型
1. Have(has) you(he/she..)….. yet?
— Have you read Little Women yet? — Yes，I have. /N o , I haven' t.yet为副词，意为"还，已经"多用于否定句和疑问句中，通常放于句末，not yet 意思是尚未；还没有，通常用于否定回答
2.What's sb. like?用于提问人的性格，品质等，like介词
What does sb. look like 用于提问人得长相，外貌，like为介词
What does sb. like用于提问人的爱好，某人喜欢什么，like为动词
3. be full of=be filled with充满
4，decide to do sth=make a decision to do sth ,决定做某事
5. in two weeks 在两周之内，in表"在…之后"通常与将来时态连用。 I will be back in a week
After常用在一般过去时的句子中。 He got to Beijing after two hours.
6.bring back 带回，归还；使..回忆起，使恢复
7.Lose one's life 丧生 life 意为性命，是可数名词
Life泛指一般意义的"生活"时，为不可数名词。Our life is getting better and better.
Life表示某种方式的"生活"时，常用单数形式。We are living a happy life.
8. can' t wait to do sth. 迫不及待地做某事(can't help doing sth。情不自禁做某事)
9.used to do 过去常常做… be used to doing 习惯做… be used to do sth 被用来做某事
现在完成时 (Present Perfect Tense)
（1） 表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
—It's so dark. 太黑了。 —Someone has turned off the light. 有人把灯关上了。
表示从过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
常与since+过去的时间点，for+一段时间，since+时间段+ego, so far等时间状语连用。
Eg. I have lived here for ten years.我已经住在这里10年了。从10年前开始，持续到现在还住这儿）
EgI have lived here since 2003. 自从2003年我就住在这儿。从2003年开始，持续到现在还住这儿）
（2） 基本结构及句型转换
主语+have/has+过去分词(done) (当主语是第三人称单数has,其余人称用have。)
1肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 I have finished my homework. (肯定句)
2否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 I have not finished my homework. （否定句）
3 一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他 —Have you finished your homework?
—Yes, I have. / No, I haven't, （一般疑问句及肯定、否定回答）
（3）现在完成时的标志：
①常与just, already, yet, ever, never, before, so far 等连用，强调动作的完成，不强调动作的持续。 Have you ever been to Japan? I have just finished my homework.
②for + 时间段；since + 过去的时间点；since + 段时间 ago；since + 一般过去时的句子。
They have known each other for five years. Since he was a child, he has lived in England.
(4).has gone (to), has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场)
Eg. ---Where is your father？ ---He has gone to Shanghai.
Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方） Eg. My father has been to Shanghai.
Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）
Eg. My father has been in Shanghai for two months.
=My father has been in Shanghai since two months ago.
Unit 9 Have you ever been to a museum?一、重点短语1. at night在夜晚 2. in a more natural environment在一个更加自然的环境中3. all year round一年到头;终年 4. be far from 离……远5. go somewhere different 去不同的地方 6. put up a tent搭帐篷 7. a great way to spend a Saturday afternoon一个过周六下午的好方法
8. camp in the mountains 在大山里露营 9. in such a rapid way 以如此迅猛的方式
10. different kinds of各种各样的 11. social groups 社会团体 12. an English-speaking country一个讲英语的国家 13. have problem（in） doing sth. 做某事很困难
14. during the daytime在白天 15. a couple of times 好几次
16. right now 现在；目前 17. walk around the park 在公园里到处走
18 hear of 听说 19. take a ride兜风
20. encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事 21. on the one hand... on the other hand.一方面，另一方面二、重点短语句型
1．Neither表后者与前者情形相同'neither/nor+助动词/系动词be/情态动词+主语'，其中的"助动词/系动词be/情态动词"在时态上与前文保持一致，而在数上与其后的主语一致
I can't swim. Neither can I.
如果表示后者与前者情形相同….也…时，常用so引起的倒装句：so+助动词/系动词be/情态动词+主语 I have been to the art museum many times. So have I. 2.learn about 听到；得知；获悉；了解=know about
4．Lead to 导致；引起；造成，to为介词，后接名词或动词-ing形式5. Let's…let使役动词+动原 Let's go somewhere different today.6. It is/was+adj. +that......是…的
It's unbelievable that technology has progressed in such a rapid way!7.It is best to do sth..最好做某事It is best to visit Singapore... 最好……游览新加坡。
8.some times几次 I called you some times yesterday.
Sometimes有时 Even friends argue sometimes.
Some time一段时间 I haven't seen you for some time.
Sometime在某时 I saw him sometime last month.
9.1）表示具体，准确的数目时，hundred(百)，thousand(千)million(百万)等数词后不加-s，也不与of连用
2）当hundred(百)，thousand(千)million(百万)等数词与of连用表不具体的数目时，词尾必须加-s
Hundreds of 数以百计的 thousands of 数以千计的 millions of 数以百万计的
10.分数的表示 四分之一= one fourth=one quarter 三分之二=two thirds 二分之一=a half
Unit 10 I 've had this bike for three years.一、重点短语 1. these days 目前;现在 2. regard with great interest 以极大的兴趣关注着3. in order to 为了 4. so far 迄今;到现在为止5. people in need 需要帮助的人 6. not.. anymore 不再……7. welcome to sp_ 欢迎来到 … 8. check out 察看;观察9. board games 棋类游戏 10. one last thing 最后一样东西11. junior high school初级中学 12. clear out 清理13. no longer 不再;不复 14. toy monkey 猴15. part with 与……分开 16. to be honest 说实在的17. . ride a bike 骑自行车 18. have a yard sale进行庭院拍卖会19. one's old things某人的旧东西 20. bring back sweet memories 勾起甜美的回忆21. give away 捐赠 22. play for a while 玩一会儿23. do with... 处置;处理 24. search for work 找工作25. for the last 13 years 在过去的13年里 26. the mid-20th century 20世纪中期27. stay the same 保持原状 28. according to 依据;按照29. in one's opinion 依……看 30. in my time 在我那个年代二、重点短语句型 1. How long have you... ?how long表示（动作，状态持续或干某事花费）多长时间，常用for+时间段或since +时间点，与动词连用时必须使用延续性动词或表示状态的动词。How long have you been in England?
2.bring back 把…送回；归还
3.in need需要中的；困难中的 A friend in need is a friend indeed.
be in need of...... 需要..I'll come when you are in need of help.
4.not..any more=no more不再…数量（程度）不再更多（深）修饰延续性动词
Not..any longer(no longer)不再…(时间不再延续)修饰延续性动词
I don't ride my bike to school any more=I ride my bike to school no more.
They no longer live here.
5.It seems+that从句=从句主语+seem(s) to.. …看起来..
It seems that she has sth. to say=She seems to have sth to say.
6. regard…as.....把…认为；把…视为=consider…with..
7.in memory of 为纪念
8. Some… Others...一些…另一些….Other 表示"另一个或另一些"是泛指，当形容词或代词用 ，是除自己外的"别人" 只能与复数名词连用，但other前有冠词the即可与单数名词连用
Others 表示"另一些"，是泛指。是代词用法相当于复数名词，表示的意思是"不具体的某些东西"，后面不能再加名词，指其他人，一般是3个或以上
Some people like singing, others like dancing
Some students like English and other students (others) like physics.
the other 是特指的另外一个，表示范围内的另一个（范围内一共两个）
I have two pens. One is red and the other is green..
the others表示范围内的另一些（范围总数通常多于两个）后面不能加名词
I don't want these books . Please give me the others .( the others = the other books )
Another 是泛指，表另外的一个（有任意性）后面加可数名词单数,也可以不加名词直接使用。
I have eaten an apple, but I still want another(apple)
Grammar:含有since和for的现在完成时态
(1)Since+过去的时间点，如，年，月，日，几点 since1990自从1990年起 since 5 o'clock
+时间段+ago since three months ago自从三个月以前
+一般过去时的从句 since you left home
固定句式：It is +时间段+since+一般过去时的从句 It is five years since I came here.
（2）Since和for的句式转换：Since+时间段+ago=for+时间段
They haven't changed since twenty years ago,他们自从二十年前就没有改变过。
They haven't changed for twenty years.他们已经二十年没有改变了。
（3） 短暂性动词（buy, die, join, finish等）不能直接与for, since 连用， 需要改变动词。
Buy—have borrow—keep finish—be over fall asleep—be asleep
1）begin(start)--be on 2) open--be open 3)become—be 4)die--be dead
5) fall asleep-- be asleep 6)close -- be closed 7)end/ finish---be over 8) put on—wear
.句型：现在完成时态（have/has+延续性动词的过去分词）+ for/ since...
一.用所给单词的适当形式填空。
1. Your ideas are difficult, but they are____________(fascinate).
2. I'm considering____________(change) a new job. I will leave my new address in a few days.
3. It's an ____________(education) experience for children to watch this movie.
4. There were 12 people ___________(kill) in the accident, ____________(include) two babies.
5. The beach is famous, ____________(especial) in summer.
6. What a ____________(thrill) game! The winner was in doubt until the last minute.
7. The village is far from the big city. It looks very ____________(peace).
8. She is a ____________(live) girl. We all like her.
9. He feels like____________(do) morning exercises every day.
10. Would you like____________(drink) some orange juice?
二，选择单词的适当形式填空。
well , soft, second ,better , may , strongly, afraid, sand , stay up, if, now, house
We can't stop an earthquake(地震 but we can do things to make sure they don't destroy(毁坏)whole cities. First, it is not a 1 .________ idea to build houses along lines where 2. ________ of the earth's plates(板块) join together.
Second, if you think there 3. ________ be an earthquake, it is better to build houses on rocks , not on 4. ________. Third, you must make the houses as 5. ________ as possible. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may 6. ________ . .
Scientists are 7. ________ that one day an even bigger earthquake will hit the part around
San Francisco(旧金山) .
They call it " The Big One ". However, people today are still building more 8. ________ . The population in and around San Francisco is 9. ________ ten times more than it was in 1906. This means that 10. ________ there is another earthquake, a great many houses and buildings will be destroyed.
1. good 2.two 3. may 4.sand 5.strong 6. stay up 7. afraid 8.houses 9.now 10.if
三，任务型阅读
We are in a world full of competition. Our parents compete with others in their offices, our brothers and sisters compete with others in their colleges, and we compete with our classmates in school. Many of us give up in the face of competition and will never be successful.①can't, others, why, we, do, better, than One important reason is that we have no self-confidence .In fact, everyone is born equal. You can do what others do. Although your classmates may be better than you in some ways, you may be better than them in other subjects. So everyone has his or her own advantages. Don't look at things from a single point of view. Try to discover your own advantages, and believe that you can do better than others in those ways.
Competition is not so terrible. Don't be afraid of it. And don't be afraid of those classmates who are better than you. ②Remember that self-confidence is the first step to success. Believe in yourselves, and you will be successful one day.
任务一: 21. Are we living in a world full of competition?
任务二: 22. How can you improve your self-confidence according to the passage?
任务三: 23. 将①处画线部分单词连成一个完整的特殊疑问句。
任务四: 24. 将②处画线部分译成中文。
任务五: 25. What's the main idea of this passage?
答案：主旨大意：我们生活中一个充满竞争的社会，很多的人选择了放弃，或从来就没有成功过。其实，我们都可以做的更好，因为我们每个人都是独一无二的，不要只看到他人的长处，要善于发现自己的特点。竞争并不可怕，最重要的是我们要有自信，它是通往成功的第一步。相信自己！ 21．Yes．／Yes，we are．
22．I'll try to discover my own advantages．
Don't look at things from a single point of view．
Everyone is born equal．I should believe I can do what others do．
We should believe we can do better than others in some ways／subjects．
23．Why can't we do better than others? 24．记住自信是通向成功的第一步。
25．Believe in yourselves，and you will be successful one day．
We should try to improve our self-confidence． We shouldn't give up in the face of competition． We should be filled with／full of confidence