面对西方国家的技术封锁，许多人表现得不自信，认为中国科技只能受制于人，并且认为国外的科技就是最牛的，其实许多外国人也持此看法。在美版知乎Quora上，美国网友问，中国制造业能达到发达国家的水准吗？我们看看大家的反应。
问题
海外网友堪斯默内的回答
Here is the thing, Manufacturing products requires four key technical components:
事情是这样的。制造产品需要四个关键技术组件：
•设计/ Design
•制造/ Manufacture
•规模/ Scaling
•核心技术/ Core technology
The above four are called production ecosystems.
以上四种要素组成了我们称之为生产生态系统的东西。
Only if manufacturers can achieve dominance and sustainability in all four key areas can they develop complete finished products that can compete in the global market and provide stable supply to customers.
只有制造商能够在所有这四个关键领域实现主导地位和可持续性，他们才能开发出能够在全球市场上竞争的完整成品，并能够向客户群提供稳定的供货。
Many manufacturers - design their own products, but make them in China, and use the core technology of the United States or the Netherlands to scale up in China
许多制造商-设计自己的产品，但在中国制造，在中国使用美国或荷兰的核心技术进行规模化
Example: Tesla
示例：特斯拉
Many manufacturers - design their own products, use their own core technology, but manufacture in China and scale up in China
许多制造商-设计自己的产品，使用自己的核心技术，但在中国制造并在中国规模化
Examples: Qualcomm, Intel, AMD
示例：高通、英特尔、AMD
Today, Chinese manufacturers are completely designing their own products, manufacturing their own products and expanding their product scale, especially for medium and high-end products. They even use their core technology for nearly 70% of products.
今天，中国制造商正在完全设计自己的产品，制造自己的产品并扩大自己的产品规模，特别是中高档产品，他们甚至将自己的核心技术用于近70%的产品。
Building, TV, refrigerator, washing machine, air conditioning, building materials, roof, solar panel, green energy, train, train system, 5G communication, satellite communication, oil drilling, intelligent port system, logistics storage, medium and low level automation, electric vehicle, satellite positioning, shipbuilding - in some fields, Chinese manufacturers have developed their own core technologies, It also controls the entire production ecosystem from the supply chain to the final product.
建筑、电视、冰箱、洗衣机、空调、建筑材料、屋顶、太阳能电池板、绿色能源、火车、火车系统、5G通信、卫星通信、石油钻井、智能港口系统、物流仓储、中低等级自动化、电动汽车、卫星定位、，造船-在某些领域，中国制造商开发了自己的核心技术，并控制了从供应链到最终产品的整个生产生态系统。
The quality of these products is similar to or even better than that of most products in developed countries.
这些产品的质量与发达国家的大多数产品相似，甚至优于它们。
China's 5G system, from the connection box to the device to the cloud, is superior to any product that Nokia or Ericsson can produce today in the commercial field.
中国的5G系统，从连接盒到设备到云端，都优于诺基亚或爱立信今天在商业领域所能生产的任何产品。
China's drilling rigs, cranes, roof materials, pipelines and electric vehicles can compete and win in a fair competitive environment even in terms of quality.
中国的钻机、起重机、屋顶材料、管道和电动汽车即使在质量方面也能在公平的竞争环境中竞争并获胜。
Even Israel recognizes that China's new energy equipment is the best in the world.
即使以色列也承认，中国的新能源设备是世界上最好的。
In these areas, China has a dominant position and has a price advantage.
在这些领域，中国占据主导地位，并具有价格优势。
However, China lacks core technology or scale, or both, in some areas, such as smart phones, computers, laptops, commercial aircraft, high-precision defense, etc.
然而，中国在某些领域缺乏核心技术或规模，或两者兼而有之，如智能手机、计算机、笔记本电脑、商用飞机、高精度防御等。
The core technology here is owned by the United States, Japan, the Netherlands, Russia or France.
这里的核心技术由美国、日本、荷兰、俄罗斯或法国拥有。
Therefore, in these fields, it is impossible for China to produce products with the same quality level as the countries with core technologies, unless China can develop its own core technologies - as it has done in high-speed trains, global building materials or steel.
因此，在这些领域，中国不可能生产出与拥有核心技术的国家相同质量水平的产品，除非中国能够开发自己的核心技术——就像它在高速列车、全球建筑材料或钢铁方面所做的那样。
In these areas, China focuses on price-related advantages, creates its own market and has a considerable market share.
在这些领域，中国专注于与价格相关的优势，创造自己的市场，并拥有可观的市场份额。
After the United States began to threaten to cut off its core technology to China, China accelerated the research and development of its core technology. Once this was achieved, China expanded its core technology to the position of market supply.
在美国开始威胁切断对中国的核心技术后，中国加快了自己核心技术的研发，一旦这一点实现，中国将核心技术扩展到市场供应的地位。
Once China has developed its own core technology in these fields and is on par with the global core technology or better technology (such as maglev high-speed system), China can easily expand it to the huge level required by the Chinese market.
一旦中国在这些领域发展了自己的核心技术，并且与全球核心技术或更好的技术（如磁悬浮高速系统）不相上下，那么中国就可以很容易地将其扩展到中国市场所需的庞大水平。
Then, China will eventually be able to produce products of the same quality as those produced by developed countries in these regions.
然后，中国最终能够生产出与发达国家在这些地区生产的产品质量相当的产品。
I did not include the defense industry in the above industries
我没有将国防工业纳入上述行业
This is because China has its own core technologies in most defense-related fields. The key is to improve these technologies to meet western standards, such as stealth, hypersonic glider technology, jet engine, ramjet engine, advanced national mapping and launch algorithm (HGCMLA), unmanned aerial vehicle, defense robot, destroyer EMZR catapult, etc
这是因为中国在大多数国防相关领域都有自己的核心技术，关键是改进这些技术以达到西方标准，例如，隐形、高超音速滑翔技术、喷气发动机、冲压发动机、高级国家测绘发射算法（HGCMLA）、无人机、国防机器人、驱逐舰EMZR弹射器等
And please remember that before 1995, China had zero design, zero scale and zero core technology in almost every field. They even imported ball bearings and brake pads from India. They imported most of the refrigeration units from Panasonic Refrigeration Company (now Panasonic) in Bedoc, Singapore. In just 27 years, China has completed the development tasks of most other countries in 40 to 100 years. Even South Korea, Singapore or Japan rely on most of their industrial products.
而且请记住，1995年以前，中国几乎在每个领域都拥有零设计、零规模和零核心技术，他们甚至从印度进口滚珠轴承和刹车片，他们从新加坡贝多克的松下制冷公司（现为松下）进口了大部分制冷机组，在短短27年内，中国已经完成了其他大多数国家在40年至100年之间的发展任务。甚至韩国、新加坡或日本也依赖其大部分工业产品。
China has developed core technologies in more than 100 fields, leaving only a few in the hands of the West. This is why the United States is desperate to control these core technologies, otherwise China will take over the world faster.
中国在100多个领域开发了核心技术，只剩下极少数控制在西方手中。这就是为什么美国不顾一切地想要控制这些核心技术，否则中国将更快地接管世界。
美国专家Donald Canton的回答
This is the first workshop of Sany Group Beijing Rotary Drilling Plant.
这是三一集团北京旋转钻机厂的第一车间。
Chinese manufacturers can not only produce products of the same quality as developed countries, but also produce better products. Since 2017, Chinese manufacturers have produced the best super steel in the way of low cost, high strength and toughness, environmental protection, saving alloy elements and conducive to sustainable development. This is considered to be a major revolution in the field of steel, because steel is manufactured using traditional industrial processing routes, including hot rolling, cold rolling and annealing.
中国制造商不仅能生产出与发达国家相同质量的产品，而且能生产出更好的产品。自2017年以来，中国制造商以低成本、高强度和韧性、环保、节约合金元素、有利于可持续发展的方式制造出了最好的超级钢。这被认为是钢铁领域的一次重大革命，因为钢铁是采用传统的工业加工路线制造的，包括热轧、冷轧和退火。
China has recently replaced Germany as the world's second largest auto exporter, exporting nearly 2.6 million cars to foreign countries in the first 10 months of 2022, exceeding the export volume of 2021. Domestically produced cars are accelerating their entry into the global market. From January to October 2022, China's automobile exports reached 2.615 million, ranking the second in the world, including 499000 new energy vehicles, up 96.7% year on year.
中国最近取代德国成为世界第二大汽车出口国，在2022年的前10个月向国外出口了近260万辆汽车，超过了2021的出口量。国内生产的汽车正在加速进入全球市场。2022年1-10月，中国汽车出口达到261.5万辆，位居世界第二，其中新能源汽车出口49.9万辆，同比增长96.7%。
It took China 40 years from the first car to 1 million, and only 17 years from 1 million to 10 million. The change of the automobile market has witnessed the development process of the Chinese-made automobile from the early trucks to all models in the automobile industry today. China's automobile consumption has also shifted from early government vehicles to private consumption, and from the early developed coastal areas to the era of mass automobile consumption.
中国从第一辆汽车到100万辆用了40年，从100万辆到1000万辆只用了17年。汽车市场的变化见证了中国制造汽车从早期卡车到当今汽车行业所有车型的发展过程。中国的汽车消费也从早期的政府车辆转向私人消费，从早期发达的沿海地区开始转向大众汽车消费时代。
From the development history of the automobile industry, we can find that this is actually an industrial history of self-employment. Self-development has become the key to the development of China's automobile industry, from self-reliance in the early stage only to solve the survival problem to participating in the process of internationalization.
从汽车行业的发展史可以发现，这其实是一部自我创业的工业史。从早期自力更生只为解决生存问题，到现在参与国际化进程，自我发展已成为中国汽车产业发展的关键。
On July 13, 1956, the first Jiefang truck produced by the People's Republic of China was officially put off the production line, thus ending the history of not being able to manufacture cars by itself and realizing the dream of Chinese people to manufacture cars in China.
1956年7月13日，新中国生产的第一辆解放牌卡车正式下线，从而结束了无法自行制造汽车的历史，实现了中国人在国内制造汽车的梦想。
In the 1960s, a number of automobile manufacturers, automobile assembly plants and refitted automobile factories were formed. Among them, there are four relatively basic automobile assembly plants in Nanjing, Shanghai, Beijing and Jinan. After technical transformation, they became the first batch after the first automobile factories. Local automobile manufacturers develop automobile varieties, and set up specialized production model assembly and parts supporting plants accordingly, which lays a preliminary foundation for the development of mass and multi-variety production and collaborative supporting systems in the future.
20世纪60年代，形成了一批汽车制造厂、汽车组装厂和改装汽车厂。其中，南京、上海、北京和济南共有四家相对基础的汽车装配厂。经过技术改造，他们成为第一批汽车工厂之后的第一批。当地汽车制造商开发汽车品种，并相应建立专门的生产模型装配和零部件配套工厂，为未来大批量、多品种生产和协同配套系统的发展奠定了初步基础。
The automobile industry has experienced the process of product structure adjustment, mergers and acquisitions and capital diversification, and has made great progress since the 1980s. However, compared with the industrialized countries in the world, China's automobile industry structure is unreasonable, and the technology gap is large, especially the independent development of key technologies and the creation ability of independent brands are very weak. Therefore, although China has become a major automobile production country, it is far from being called an automobile power.
汽车行业经历了产品结构调整、并购和资本多元化的过程，自20世纪80年代以来取得了巨大进步。然而，与世界工业化国家相比，中国的汽车产业结构不合理，技术差距很大，特别是关键技术的自主开发和自主品牌的创造能力非常薄弱，因此，尽管中国已成为汽车生产大国，它远没有被称为汽车强国。
In 2002, China's automobile production exceeded that of South Korea, ranking fifth in the world.
2002年，中国汽车产量超过韩国，位居世界第五。
Since the first Jiefang truck came off the production line in 1956, China's automobile industry, led by the vehicle manufacturer and with the relevant parts industry, has made major breakthroughs in many technical fields.
自1956年第一辆解放牌卡车下线以来，以整车制造商为首、相关零部件产业聚集的中国汽车工业在许多技术领域取得了重大突破。
Only in the field of automobile manufacturing, Chinese manufacturers have also made significant progress in key independent components of automobiles such as engine, gearbox and body design. The automobile industry is usually a mature industry, and technology is not the main bottleneck of the latecomers. The reason why multinational companies show strong competitiveness is, of course, that technological leadership is a factor, but more importantly, their overall quality is extremely strong.
仅在汽车制造领域，中国制造商在发动机、变速箱和车身设计等汽车关键独立组件方面也取得了重大进展。汽车行业通常是一个技术成熟的行业，技术并不是后来者的主要瓶颈。跨国公司表现出强大竞争力的原因当然是技术领先是一个因素，但更重要的是，它们的整体素质极强。
Chinese companies have participated in the construction of hardware facilities such as Lusail Stadium, new energy buses and large LED displays. On the cross-border e-commerce express, domestic VR glasses have become the most popular product during overseas promotion this year. Since November, the sales volume has increased by five times year-on-year.
中国公司参与了卢塞尔体育场、新能源公交车和大型LED显示屏等硬件设施的建设。在跨境电商速卖通上，国产VR眼镜成为今年海外促销期间最热门的产品，自11月以来，销售额同比增长了5倍。
Behind the promotion of Chinese products to the world is the recognition and trust of global consumers on Chinese quality, and is also a true reflection of the high-quality development of China's manufacturing industry. The global influence of Chinese manufacturing brands is increasing, especially the brands of some strategic emerging industries are recognized by the world market, such as Huawei in the field of communication equipment, BYD in the field of new energy vehicles, and DJI UAVs in the field of consumer and industrial products.
将中国产品推向世界的背后，是全球消费者对中国品质的认可和信任，也是中国制造业高质量发展的真实写照。中国制造品牌的全球影响力正在增加，特别是一些战略性新兴产业的品牌受到世界市场的认可，如通信设备领域的华为、新能源汽车领域的比亚迪，以及消费和工业产品领域的DJI无人机。
From portals to search engines to social software, China's Internet is moving towards diversification. With the development of 5G, industrial Internet, artificial intelligence and other technologies, a number of Chinese brands are also going global. As an innovative enterprise of AI robots, UBTECH's secret is to aim at the cutting-edge scientific research of AI robots and introduce top scientific research talents. By the end of 2019, UBTECH has applied for more than 1800 valid patents worldwide and authorized more than 500 patents, of which more than 100 invention patents have been recognized in overseas markets.
从门户网站到搜索引擎，再到社交软件，中国的互联网正朝着多元化迈进。随着5G、工业互联网、人工智能等技术的发展，一批批中国品牌也在走向世界。作为人工智能机器人的创新企业，UBTECH的秘诀在于瞄准人工智能机器人前沿科技研究，引进顶尖科研人才。截至2019年底，UBTECH在全球范围内申请了1800多项有效专利，并授权了500多项专利，其中100多项发明专利在海外市场得到认可。
China has reached the world's advanced level in many fields, such as high-speed rail technology and equipment, new energy vehicles, aerospace, supercomputers and so on. On January 13, the World Economic Forum released the latest list of global "lighthouse factories". Of the 114 lighthouse factories in the world, 42 are from China, which has the largest number of lighthouse factories in the world. The rapid rise of high-tech manufacturing and intelligent manufacturing has become a strong proof of China's quality.
中国在高铁技术装备、新能源汽车、航空航天、超级计算机等多个领域达到世界先进水平。1月13日，世界经济论坛发布最新一批全球“灯塔工厂”名单，在全球114家灯塔工厂中，有42家来自中国，中国是世界上灯塔工厂最多的国家。高科技制造业和智能制造业的迅速崛起，已经成为中国质量的有力证明。
After Shenzhou spacecraft enters space, it needs to rely on TT&C communication network to communicate with the ground. Space teaching basically needs some corresponding support of continuous measurement and control, which cannot be shorter than 40 minutes, especially image and voice. The image cannot be interrupted, blurred or frozen to show the people of the whole country some detailed results of the construction of the space station. Chinese scientists and engineers have established a high-speed transmission channel between outer space and the earth, which is the so-called integrated network transmission system between outer space and the earth.
神舟飞船进入太空后，需要依靠测控通信网络与地面通信。空间教学基本上需要持续测量和控制的一些相应支持，不能短于40分钟，尤其是图像和语音。图像不能中断，图像不能模糊，图像不能冻结，以向全国人民展示空间站建设的一些详细成果。中国科学家和工程师建立了一条外层空间和地球之间的高速传输通道，这就是所谓的外层空间与地球的综合网络传输系统。
The TT&C communication system is mainly responsible for measuring, monitoring and controlling the flight trajectory, attitude and working status of rockets and spacecraft, and providing channels for video and voice communication with astronauts. The only way to contact. The whole measurement and control system has reached the international advanced level. Some individual projects, such as the entire ground station, can now be completely unattended. The orbit determination capability of the flight control center, especially the short arc orbit determination capability, has reached the international leading level.
测控通信系统主要承担对火箭和航天器的飞行轨迹、姿态和工作状态进行测量、监测和控制的任务，并为与宇航员的视频和语音通信提供通道。唯一的接触方式。整个测控系统达到国际先进水平。有一些单独的项目，例如整个地面站，现在可以完全无人值守。飞行控制中心的定轨能力，特别是短弧定轨能力达到国际领先水平。
The rendezvous and docking time of the Dream Module and the Quest Module is 13 hours, and that of the manned spacecraft and the cargo spacecraft is 6.5 hours. Each kind of rendezvous and docking has different requirements for the measurement and control system. The Chinese tracking technology solution "wide beam" in the construction of the space station has successfully and perfectly completed rendezvous and docking under various conditions. Tianzhou V adopts the international advanced two-hour rapid rendezvous and docking. No country in the world has done it, only China has done it.
梦天舱和问天舱的交会对接时间均为13小时，载人飞船和货运飞船均为6.5小时。每种交会对接对测控系统都有不同的要求。空间站建设中的中国跟踪技术解决方案“宽波束”已经成功完美地完成了各种情况下的交会对接。天舟五号采用国际先进水平的两小时快速交会对接。世界上没有一个国家做到了，只有中国做到了。
Not only in the field of household appliances, but also in the field of food, clothing, housing and transportation. In the food industry, the quality and safety level have been continuously improved to meet the needs of the world's people for green, safe and healthy food.
不仅在家电领域，高质量消费也日益扩展到食品、服装、住房和交通等生活领域。在食品行业，质量和安全水平不断提高，以满足世界人民对绿色、安全和健康食品的需求。